"Thread Priority in Python: Managing Thread Execution Importance
The queue module in Python's standard library is useful in threaded programming when information must be exchanged safely between multiple…
The queue module in Python's standard library is useful in threaded programming when information must be exchanged safely between multiple…
In object-oriented programming, the concept of dynamic binding is closely related to polymorphism. In Python, dynamic binding is the…
The principle of Encapsulation is one of the main pillars on which the object-oriented programming paradigm is based. Python takes a…
A file object is created using open() function. The file class defines the following methods with which different file IO operations can be…
Example 1 Python program to find unique numbers in a given tuple − T1 = (1, 9, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5, 1, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 2) T2 = () for x…
Python's standard data types list, tuple and string are sequences. A sequence object is an ordered collection of items. Each item is…
Since the array object behaves very much like a sequence, you can perform indexing and slicing operation with it. Example import array…
Using the "[ ]" Operator A dictionary in Python is not a sequence, as the elements in dictionary are not indexed. Still, you can use the…
In Python, a list is a sequence. Each object in the list is accessible with its index. The index starts from 0. Index or the last item in…
Since set is not a sequence data type, its items cannot be accessed individually as they do not have a positional index (as in list or…
In Python, Tuple is a sequence. Each object in the list is accessible with its index. The index starts from "0". Index or the last item in…
The append() Method The append() method adds a new element at the end of given array. Syntax array.append(v) Parameters v − new…
Using the Operator The "[]" operator (used to access value mapped to a dictionary key) is used to update an existing key-value pair as…
There are two methods of the list class, append() and insert(), that are used to add items to an existing list. Example 1 The append()…
Even if a set holds together only immutable objects, set itself is mutable. We can add new items in it with any of the following ways −…
The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a set of standards that define how information is exchanged between the web server and a custom…
Apart from the literal representation of dictionary, where we put comma-separated key:value pairs in curly brackets, we can create…
List is a mutable data type in Python. It means, the contents of list can be modified in place, after the object is stored in the memory.…
To run a Python program, we execute the following command in the command prompt terminal of the operaing system. For example, in windows,…
Both Python and C++ are among the most popular programming languages. Both of them have their advantages and disadvantages. In this…
Python's built-in sequence types i.e. list, tuple and string are indexed collection of items. However, unlike arrays in C/C++, Java etc. ,…
Since a variable in Python is merely a label or reference to an object in the memory, a simple assignment operator will not create copy of…
In Python, a variable is just a label or reference to the object in the memory. Hence, the assignment "lst1 = lst" refers to the same list…
The copy() method in set class creates a shallow copy of a set object. Syntax set.copy() Return Value The copy() method returns a new…
The start_new_thread() function included in the _thread module is used to create a new thread in the running program. Syntax…
This tutorial will teach you how to write a simple Hello World program using Python Programming language. This program will make use of…
Sometimes, it is necessary to execute a task in the background. A special type of thread is used for background tasks, called a daemon…
Python's standard library has a rich collection of modules for data compression and archiving. One can select whichever is suitable for his…
Data input and generated during execution of a program is stored in RAM. If it is to be stored persistently, it needs to be stored in…
A Python program can handle date and time in several ways. Converting between date formats is a common chore for computers. Following…
Python's built-in str class defines different methods. They help in manipulating strings. Since string is an immutable object, these…
Software applications often require to display messages output in a variety in different languages such as in English, French, Japanese,…
The Python syntax defines a set of rules that are used to create Python statements while writing a Python Program. The Python Programming…
Python is a feature rich high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. This tutorial will list down some of…
When we use any computer application, some data needs to be provided. Data is stored in computer's main memory (RAM) until the application…
Python provides various options for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The most important features are listed below. Tkinter…
In Python, generics is a mechanism with which you to define functions, classes, or methods that can operate on multiple types while…
Threads share the memory allocated to a process. As a result, threads in the same process can communicate with each other. To facilitate…
In a multi-threaded program, a task in a new thread, may be required to be stopped. This may be for many reasons, such as: (a) The result…
JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation. It is a lightweight data interchange format. It is similar to pickle. However, pickle…
In Python, array is a homogenous collection of Python's built in data types such as strings, integer or float objects. However, array…
In Python, List is classified as a sequence type object. It is a collection of items, which may be of different data types, with each item…
In Python, a Set is an ordered collection of items. The items may be of different types. However, an item in the set must be an immutable…
The join() method in thread class blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is called terminates. The termination may…
In Python, a Tuple is classified as a sequence type object. It is a collection of items, which may be of different data types, with each…
The term "logging" refers to the mechanism of recording different intermediate events in a certain process. Recording logs in a software…
Since the array object behaves like a sequence, you can iterate through its elements with the help of for loop or while loop. "for" Loop…
Unlike a list, tuple or a string, dictionary data type in Python is not a sequence, as the items do not have a positional index. However,…
You can traverse the items in a list with Python's for loop construct. The traversal can be done, using list as an iterator or with the…
A set in Python is not a sequence, nor is it a mapping type class. Hence, the objects in a set cannot be traversed with index or key.…
You can traverse the items in a tuple with Python's for loop construct. The traversal can be done, using tuple as an iterator or with the…
In this chapter, you will get to know what a virtual environment in Python is, how to create and use a virtual environment for building a…
Python's standard library provides math module. This module includes many pre-defined functions for performing different mathematical…
In Python, a string (object of str class) is of immutable type. An immutable object is the one which can be modified in place, one created…
By default, a computer program executes the instructions in a sequential manner, from start to the end. Multithreading refers to the…
The name of a thread is for identification purpose only, and has no role as far as the semantics is concerned. More than one threads may…
In a Python program, if there is another try-except construct either inside either a try block or inside its except block, it is known as a…
The threading module in Python's standard library is capable of handling multiple threads and their interaction within a single process.…
In this chapter, different techniques for formatting the output will be discussed. String Formatting Operator One of Python's coolest…
A given problem may be solved by more than one alternative algorithms. Hence, we need to optimize the performance of the solution. Python's…
Abstraction is one of the important principles of object-oriented programming. It refers to a programming approach by which only the…
The languages such as C++ and Java, use access modifiers to restrict access to class members (i.e., variables and methods). These languages…
Python's built-in type() function returns the class that an object belongs to. In Python, a class, both a built-in class or a user-defined…
You may want to define a function that is able to accept arbitrary or variable number of arguments. Moreover, the arbitrary number of…
In Python, numbers are the most frequently used data type. Python uses the same symbols for basic arithmetic operations Everybody is…
Example 1 Python program to find the largest number in an array − import array as arr a = arr.array('i', [10,5,15,4,6,20,9]) print (a)…
array.reverse() Method Like the sequence types, the array class also supports the reverse() method which rearranges the elements in…
An assertion is a sanity-check that you can turn on or turn off when you are done with your testing of the program. The easiest way to…
The = (equal to) symbol is defined as assignment operator in Python. The value of Python expression on its right is assigned to a single…
This operator combines addition and assignment in one statement. Since Python supports mixed arithmetic, the two operands may be of…
Python’ bitwise operators are normally used with integer type objects. However, instead of treating the object as a whole, it is treated…
In Python, bool is a sub-type of int type. A bool object has two possible values, and it is initialized with Python keywords, True and…
Here is a list of Standard Exceptions available in Python − Sr.No. Exception Name & Description 1 Exception Base class…
As of Python 3.11.2 version, there are 71 built-in functions in Pyhthon. The list of built-in functions is given below − Sr.No.…
Every Python class keeps the following built-in attributes and they can be accessed using dot operator like any other attribute −…
An instance method accesses the instance variables of the calling object because it takes the reference to the calling object. But it can…
In this chapter, let us discuss the concept of closures in Python. In Python, functions are said to be first order objects. Just like the…
Python comments are programmer-readable explanation or annotations in the Python source code. They are added with the purpose of making the…
Comparison operators in Python are very important in Python’s conditional statements (if, else and elif) and looping statements (while…
In object-oriented programming, an object of a class is characterized by one or more instance variables or attributes, whose values are…
The continue statement in Python returns the control to the beginning of the current loop. When encountered, the loop starts next iteration…
By default, the instructions in a computer program are executed in a sequential manner, from top to bottom, or from start to end. However,…
Computer is a data processing device. Computer stores the data in its memory and processes it as per the given program. Data is a…
Python’s decision making functionality is in its keywords – if, else and elif. The if keyword requires a boolean expression, followed…
A Decorator in Python is a function that receives another function as argument. The argument function is the one to be decorated by…
Example 1 Python program to create a new dictionary by extracting the keys from a given dictionary. d1 = {"one":11, "two":22,…
A dictionary in Python is an object of the built-in dict class, which defines the following methods − Sr.No. Method and Description…
The items(), keys() and values() methods of dict class return view objects. These views are refreshed dynamically whenever any change…
In Python, a docstring is a string literal that serves as the documentation of different Python objects such as functions, modules, class…
One of the standout features of Python language is that it is a dynamically typed language. The compiler-based languages C/C++, Java, etc.…
The term 'enumeration' refers to the process of assigning fixed constant values to a set of strings, so that each string can be identified…
In Python, a string becomes a raw string if it is prefixed with "r" or "R" before the quotation symbols. Hence 'Hello' is a normal string…
Exception chaining is a technique of handling exceptions by re-throwing a caught exception after wrapping it inside a new exception. The…
If you have some suspicious code that may raise an exception, you can defend your program by placing the suspicious code in a try: block.…
Any code that you write using any compiled language like C, C++, or Java can be integrated or imported into another Python script. This…
The function annotation feature of Python enables you to add additional explanatory metada about the arguments declared in a function…
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for…
A generator in Python is a special type of function that returns an iterator object. It appears similar to a normal Python function in that…
Python has two identity operators is and is not. Both return opposite Boolean values. The "in" operator evaluates to True if both the…
Inheritance is one of the most important features of Object-oriented programming methodology. It is most often used in software development…
A class defined inside another class is known as an inner class in Python. Sometimes inner class is also called nested class. If the inner…
In software engineering, an interface is a software architectural pattern. An interface is like a class but its methods just have prototype…
Iterator in Python is an object representing a stream of data. It follows iterator protocol which requires it to support __iter__() and…
Keyword argument are also called named arguments. Variables in the function definition are used as keywords. When the function is called,…
You can use the variables in formal argument list as keywords to pass value. Use of keyword arguments is optional. But, you can force the…
List comprehension is a very powerful programming tool. It is similar to set builder notation in mathematics. It is a concise way to create…
Example 1 Python program to find unique numbers in a given list. L1 = [1, 9, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5, 1, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 2] L2 = [] for x…
Python's list class includes the following methods using which you can add, update, and delete list items − Sr.No Methods &…
In computer science, a literal is a notation for representing a fixed value in source code. For example, in the assignment statement. x =…
With Logical operators in Python, we can form compound Boolean expressions. Each operand for these logical operators is itself a Boolean…
The membership operators in Python help us determine whether an item is present in a given container type object, or in other words,…
Method overloading is an important feature of object-oriented programming. Java, C++, C# languages support method overloading, but in…
You can always override your parent class methods. One reason for overriding parent's methods is that you may want special or different…
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for…
Most of the times you work with numbers in whatever you do. Obviously, any computer application deals with numbers. Hence, programming…
The os module provides a big range of useful methods to manipulate files. Most of the useful methods are listed here − Sr.No.…
Python has been an object-oriented language since the time it existed. Due to this, creating and using classes and objects are downright…
Python is a highly object-oriented language. In Python, each and every element in a Python program is an object of one or the other class.…
In Python as well as any programming language, Operators are symbols (sometimes keywords) that are predefined to perform a certain most…
Python's standard library is a large collection of ready-to-use modules and packages. In addition to these packages, a Python programmer…
In Python, module is a Python script with .py extension and contains objects such as classes, functions etc. Packages in Python extend the…
The term "polymorphism" refers to a function or method taking different form in different contexts. Since Python is a dynamically typed…
The list of variables declared in the parentheses at the time of defining a function are the formal arguments. A function may be defined…
It is possible to define a function in which one or more arguments can not accept their value with keywords. Such arguments may be called…
In object-oriented programming, reflection refers to the ability to extract information about any object in use. You can get to know the…
Example 1 Python program to find common elements in two lists with the help of set operations − l1=[1,2,3,4,5] l2=[4,5,6,7,8]…
Following methods are defined in Python's set class − Sr.No Methods & Description 1 add() Add an element to a set.…
In the Set Theory of Mathematics, the union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference operations are defined. Python implements…
A Singleton class is a class of which only one object can be created. This helps in optimizing memory usage when you perform some heavy…
is that the static method doesn't have a mandatory argument like reference to the object − self or reference to the class − cls. Python's…
Example 1 Python program to find number of vowels in a given string. mystr = "All animals are equal. Some are more equal" vowels =…
String formatting is the process of building a string representation dynamically by inserting the value of numeric expressions in an…
In Python, a string is an ordered sequence of Unicode characters. Each character in the string has a unique index in the sequence. The…
Generally, three types of errors appear in a computer program: Syntax errors, logical errors and runtime errors. Syntax errors are the most…
The standard library comes with a number of modules that can be used both as modules and as command-line utilities. The dis Module The…
Since a tuple in Python is immutable, the tuple class doesn't define methods for adding or removing items. The tuple class defines only two…
In manufacturing, casting is the process of pouring a liquefied or molten metal into a mold, and letting it cool to obtain the desired…
Every computer application should have a provision to accept data from the user when it is running. This makes the application interactive.…
Python also allows you to create your own exceptions by deriving classes from the standard built-in exceptions. Here is an example that…
A variable in Python is a symbols name to the object in computer's memory. Python works on the concept of namespaces to define the context…
A function in Python is a first-order object. A function can have another function as its argument and wrap another function definition…
The for loop in Python has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string. Syntax for iterating_var in…
Python supports having an "else" statement associated with a "for" loop statement. If the "else" statement is used with a "for" loop, the…
Before its 3.10 version, Python lacked a feature similar to switch-case in C or C++. In Python 3.10, a pattern matching technique called…
The pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or code to execute. The pass…
You can use a finally: block along with a try: block. The finally: block is a place to put any code that must execute, whether the…
Normally, flow of execution of steps in a computer program goe from start to end. However, instead of the next step, if the flow is…
Python is a general-purpose programming language. It is suitable for development of wide range of software applications. Over last few…
You can raise exceptions in several ways by using the raise statement. The general syntax for the raise statement is as follows − Syntax…
To programmatically read data from a file using Python, it must be opened first. Use the built-in open() function − file object =…
A function that calls itself is called a recursive function. This method is used when a certain problem is defined in terms of itself.…
A regular expression is a special sequence of characters that helps you match or find other strings or sets of strings, using a specialized…
The array class defines two methods with the help of which we can remove an element from the array. It has remove() and pop() methods…
Using del Keyword Python's del keyword deletes any object from the memory. Here we use it to delete a key-value pair in a dictionary.…
The list class methods remove() and pop() both can remove an item from a list. The difference between them is that remove() removes the…
Python's set class provides different methods to remove one or more items from a set object. remove() Method The remove() method removes…
Python os module provides methods that help you perform file-processing operations, such as renaming and deleting files. To use this…
In this chapter, we shall explore the different ways to rearrange the given array in the reverse order of the index. In Python, array is…
An application that handles and delivers e-mail over the Internet is called a "mail server". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a…
The term "object serialization" refers to process of converting state of an object into byte stream. Once created, this byte stream can…
First step in the journey of learning Python is to install it on your machine. Today most computer machines, especially having Linux OS,…
Python's array module defines the array class. An object of array class is similar to the array as present in Java or C/C++. Unlike the…
The sort() method of list class rearranges the items in ascending or descending order with the use of lexicographical ordering mechanism.…
This start() method starts the thread's activity. It must be called once a thread object is created. The start() method automatically…
The "+" operator is well-known as an addition operator, returning the sum of two numbers. However, the "+" symbol acts as string…
The threading module provided with Python includes a simple-to-implement locking mechanism that allows you to synchronize threads. A new…
Python provides different text formatting features. It including formatting operators, Python's format() function and the f-string. In…
Every Python program has at least one thread of execution called the main thread. The main thread by default is a non-daemon thread.…
A deadlock may be described as a concurrency failure mode. It is a situation in a program where one or more threads wait for a condition…
A thread object goes through different stages. When a new thread object is created, it must be started. This calls the run() method of…
What is a Thread Pool? A thread pool is a mechanism that automatically manages a pool of worker threads. Each thread in the pool is called…
Python supports multiple threads in a program. A multi-threaded program can execute multiple sub-tasks independently, which allows the…
In the world of Internet, different resources are identified by URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). The urllib package which is bundled with…
Python Variables In this tutorial, you will learn what are variables in Python and how to use them. Data items belonging to different…
Python is an interpreter-based language. In a Linux system, Python's executable is installed in /usr/bin/ directory. For Windows, the…
The term "unpacking" refers to the process of parsing tuple items in individual variables. In Python, the parentheses are the default…
In Python, tuple is an immutable data type. An immutable object cannot be modified once it is created in the memory. Example 1 If we try…
Loop Control Statements The Loop control statements change the execution from its normal sequence. When the execution leaves a scope, all…
Along with the if statement, else keyword can also be optionally used. It provides an alternate block of statements to be executed if the…
You can also use the except statement with no exceptions defined as follows − try: You do your operations here ......................…
Python uses reference counting mechanism while implementing garbage collection policy. Whenever an object in the memory is referred, the…
Dictionary is one of the built-in data types in Python. Python's dictionary is example of mapping type. A mapping object 'maps' value of…
All files are contained within various directories, and Python has no problem handling these too. The os module has several methods that…
List is one of the built-in data types in Python. A Python list is a sequence of comma separated items, enclosed in square brackets [ ].…
A Python dictionary is said to have a nested structure if value of one or more keys is another dictionary. A nested dictionary is usually…
A set is one of the built-in data types in Python. In mathematics, set is a collection of distinct objects. Set data type is Python's…
In Python, a string is an immutable sequence of Unicode characters. Each character has a unique numeric value as per the UNICODE standard.…
Tuple is one of the built-in data types in Python. A Python tuple is a sequence of comma separated items, enclosed in parentheses (). The…
To write data to a file in Python, you need to open a file. Any object that interacts with input and output steam is called File object.…
XML is a portable, open-source language that allows programmers to develop applications that can be read by other applications, regardless…